Whatever the artical is talking about something over Article

Whatever the artical is talking about something over - Article Example However, Leovy notes that this approach by the police has not yielded positive results in terms of reduction of homicides among the African American community. The article by Leovy has a relationship to economic theory. I find this relationship in the manner in which the proliferation of homicide, which is a crime under the constitution, is prevalent among the African American communities in America, despite the existence of laws and a criminal justice system to deter and deal with such crimes. The economic theory of crime is rooted in the cost benefit relationship. Under this theory, people commit crime rationally when they perceive that doing so will reap more benefits than risks. I find this element in Leovy’s article. The criminals committing murders in the African American community do not perceive greater risks in doing so. They commit the murders because they know that the risk of being brought to justice is low compared to the perceived benefits. For example, if an individual has some grudge with another because of an illegal drug deal, I think he will have more economic reason to eliminate the enemy by murdering him. This w ill be more beneficial in the sense that the individual will have no competition. Yet, the chances of being arrested, taken to court, and sentenced is slim. Therefore, I believe that Leovy’s argument is based on economic theory. However, I believe that if the criminal justice system, particularly the police, responded effectively to murder crimes by arresting the suspects and taking them through the due course of the law, the crime levels would reduce. After all, no individual would want to spend his or her entire life in prison for murder. This will mean that the risk or cost of committing murder will be higher than the perceived crime. In addressing crime from an economic theory perspective, the criminal justice system ought to

American History Essay Example for Free

American History Essay Introduction: American History has always been persuasive and this paper enlightens most influential events in the U. S history. Following paper explains the events from 1950’s, 1960’s, 1970’s, 1980’s and 1990’s. Events that have been selected are the one that had an overriding influence on U. S. culture, economy, or governmental policy in that decade. A Step towards Technology: In early 1950’s film theater presence radically declined due to the innovation of television which impacted everyone politically, socially and economically. Hollywood commenced to build up ways to counter free televisions expand by the mounting use of color, and also by bringing in wide-screen films for example: Cinemascope, Cinerama, Vista Vision and etc. Gimmicks for example 3-D presentation with cardboard glasses were also initiated. Several technical improvements within amusement facilitated citizens to survive in a great compact of better-off and thrilling living. The foremost mania that came approximately to standard public was television in 1950’s. It was required by each family in the fifties and it overwhelmed millions of kids whose connection with Television has everlastingly inclined this countrys customs and political affairs. TV enforced numerous journalists and broadcasting corporations to labor hardest in maintaining their businesses in level to Television. (1950s, 2000) In the fifties TV merely had series which were accessible to watch in early afternoons and evenings plus it wasn’t colored only black and white. A number of the popular television shows were westerns like The Honeymooners, I love Lucy, The Twilight Zone, Private Eyes and Superman (Diriks , n. d. ). An Inspiration: Moving towards 1960’s most significant event came in view. Martin Luther King’s Speech ‘I have a dream’ in 1963 was a dynamic force in the push for racial equality. (The Groovys 1960, 2009). The purpose of this speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† which was conveyed which was held at Lincoln Memorial, Washington D. C took place the 28th August 1963 through more than 200,000 citizens was to give confidence for the performing of change among the American citizens and government it was related to their shocking observation towards diverse races or ethnic groups among their people. Martin Luther particularly placed stress on the black Americans being sufferers from professional and personal both ranks. His task was to place major strain on the government which was regarding passing the Civil Rights Bill and its people by telling the errors of their behavior and the pledges which were undeniably not kept all through the history. He also demanded changes and provided answers and in doing that required a lot of persuasion towards them to approach together as a one nation. The Rising civil-rights movement moving across the nation at that time; Productive speech of Martin Luther King made it more effectively, electrified it. Due to the previous immersive civil rights movement of the 1960 U. S went through a huge racial split which is more likely to be on racial discriminating at its climax. The Americans who were white felt themselves as superior and therefore the realism of life for the black Americans was rather unwelcoming. That’s why the enormous bulk of black Americans became as a separation of life, breathing with unpleasant injustice in service, housing, medical services, education and civic adjustment. Even the so called selection of a chosen president could not help them because a lot of were deprived from taking part in any of American political system. Everything was surrounded by an unfair ambiance that he was the only who was capable to raise as an influential leader among the civil rights movement. The Act controlled countless things that Martin Luther King had before asked of the government publically which showed the rule was in fact taking note to the people concerning the following matter. Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his effort, he was the youngest among to get such a Nobel award. (I Have a Dream, 2000) Getting the Blame: The blame for murdering the entire civilization of Vietnam was put on American soldiers. This was considered as one of the most tragic event in the American History. Almost every person in Vietnam especially people in south had to go through the large scale bombing and target killings. The effect in the south during the war’s height in 1960 was so extreme that about half of the population of 20 million was dislocated. The northerners also suffered a lot; warfare and resentment continued on with neighboring countries until 1989. The after effects of the war were humongous. Many civilians lost their relatives and expensive assets. After the war Vietnam was not active in any military conflict. Following the war, the North and South Vietnam were again unified beneath the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Postponement of the hateful battle in North Vietnam was also announced on 15 January 1973, it was afterward tagged along by a biased departure of American troops on Vietnam. Americans concerned and involvement in the Vietnam clash officially came to an end by the signing of Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973. On February 11 and March 29, the first batch of U. S. prisoners was released and American army was structured to depart respectively. The most astonishing factor was the fact when the army was coming back from War who was suppose to be treated as heroes incase that did happen, even at times damned for their contribution towards the Vietnam war. Even the contract of peace did not last for an extended period. American army consequently faced by the expectation of having won mainly of the war battles, however it was like having missing the peace. (Timeline of the 1970s, 2000). The American president Nixon was the one, who assured South Vietnam that he would give armed forces hold to them in experiencing the degeneration of military situation. But Nixon was having other problems at his end as well. Nixon was combating for his political profession and his existence. The Watergate humiliation which was intense at the moment faced a gradually more aggressive parliament that held the power of an antagonistic community who were tired of the Vietnam War. Therefore Nixon ruined his pledges towards South Vietnam which was expected. Both fiscal and monetary assist towards South Vietnam sustained although it was almost cut within half. Mainly the help went to the corrupt officials and a minute of it truly went to the needy and people who suffered from the war. Further USSR and China both augmented their support towards the North Vietnam. This clearly showed the imbalance between the North and South Vietnam and thus North Vietnam initiated a foremost military unpleasant stroke which was against south. The course which was completed by Congress; Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 held in December 1974. This completion cut off all military funding to the Saigon government and made unenforceable the peace terms negotiated by Nixon. The reason behind such an action was that it was assumed so as to any innovative military tools shipped to South Vietnam would rapidly handed over to the winning communists. Economical reforms acknowledged as d? i m? i (renovation), introduced by the management since the late 1980s, have been constructing stunning outcomes. Vietnam today is one of the greatest escalating economies in the world, which is filled by exports and overseas direct savings. America became the major export marketplace for Vietnam into fewer than two years after the signing the bilateral deal concurrence in 2001. (The end of U. S invovement, 2007) The Hero: Another event which motivated and provoked almost every woman in the history and the addition of heroes was taken place. The definition and theory of a hero is one that is greatly questioned and pondered. Some people look up to parents, a few admires Lincoln or Martin Luther King while rest of them has superstars. But for my part my hero would be one who had accomplish somewhat that placed a fresh normal in this nation. Sandra Day O’Connor is my hero. President Reagan designated O’Connor on August 19, 1981, for the post of Associate Justice in the United States Supreme Court. On September 25, Sandra was established with the voting of 99-0 and she was avowed in being the first female judge to be on the United States Supreme Court. And for the further 24 years, she controlled upon the Supreme Court. She was the common swing vote amongst closest verdicts. Sandra was frequently portrayed as being the changeable in a way, constantly gave trust to each side. She showed her concerned and knowledge during the time she served for her nation being associate justice. For example, in the decision of Roe v. Wade, her vote, though not the choosing one was serious in allowing abortion privileges. (Derek) From the time period of 1981 to 2006 she was a former American judge and elected official who served as being the first feminine Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in the United States. Her case-by-case move toward jurisprudence and her comparatively reasonable political views, Sandra was the vital swing vote of the Court for quite a few of her final time on the counter. Forbes magazine called her the fourth most influential woman in the United States and the sixth most commanding in the world in 2004. (OConner, Sandra Day, 2006) Bill Clinton Impeached: Moving toward the late 1990’s the most shocking event ever which happened for the first time in U. S political history; The impeachement of Bill Clinton. (President Clinton Impeached, 1994) The House impeached Bill Clinton on accusation of false swearing and hindrance of justice in connection to his concern among Monica Lewinsky who was White House intern. Clinton was ultimately acquitted by the council. In 1998 the U. S. House of Representatives chose in goodwill of two articles of the impeachment. Days sooner than departure of office, he hit a contract with the office of the particular prosecutor in that case so to keep away from an indictment. He further confessed to building deceptive testimony and then was suspended from working law in Arkansas up to five years. Although his wife, Hillary Clinton was voted as a U. S. Senator in 2000 from New York. It was the first point in time a lady had ever been voted to public workplace. Bill Clinton achieved admiration for his determination and his management of the workplace despite of a variety of controversies, strong-minded to increase above them somewhat than be pulled behind by them. It was a major shock to the public because such a leader is a mentor towards them and people still love they were disappointed and disturbed. (The History Place, 2000) Conclusion: History is not about getting disppointed towards our leaders or getting disturbed. Its about learning from our mistakes. American History holds great goals toward every aspect whether it is economical or political or social. There is a lot to learn and improve though many misunderstanding led to wars and severe damage but a lot of thing can still be done. Right now U. S is going through many crisis which are hidden. Changes can be done if racial discrimination can simply vanish. A lot of economical crisis have faced which can’t be changed by U. S by it has to be done on a global level as the whole world is facing them. References: 1950s. (2000). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from 123helpme: http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=22923 Derek. (n. d. ). My hero project. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from my hero: http://www. myhero. com/go/hero. asp? hero=Oconnor_Cupertino_hs_06_ul Diriks, T. (n. d. ). 1950s. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from filmsite: http://www. filmsite. org/milestones1950s_2. html I Have a Dream. (2000). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from maikeru: http://www. maikeru. cc/english_ihaveadream_martinlutherkingjr. htm OConner, Sandra Day. (2006, March 22). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from girlscantwair: http://girlscantwhat. com/oconner-sandra-day-supreme-court-justice/ The end of U. S invovement. (2007). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from factasy: http://www. factasy. com/vietnam_war/index. shtml

Karl Marx and His Radical Views Essay -- History Politics Political

Karl Marx and His Radical Views Karl Marx[i] Karl Marx is among the most important and influential of all modern philosophers who expressed his ideas on humans in nature. According to the University of Dayton, â€Å"the human person is part of a larger history of life on this planet. Through technology humans have the power to have an immense effect on that life.†[ii] The people of his time found that the impact of the Industrial Revolution would further man’s success within this world and would ensure his success as a species. Marx was extremely radical in finding that this was a positive impact on humans in nature. In order to understand why his views were considered radical, it is important to understand his philosophy and the period of history during which Marx developed and formulated his views. Radical, as defined by the Webster’s New World Dictionary states, â€Å"disposed to make extreme changes in existing views, habits, conditions, or institutions†[iii]. Marx’s theories certainly fit this definition of radical. Marx was the founder of the Communist movement, and his ideas about history and economics form the basis of socialist politics throughout the world. This philosophy was developed just as the Industrial Revolution, which was based on capitalism, was beginning to spread from England to the rest of Europe. The writings of Karl Marx spell out the philosophic foundations of his radicalism. Marx’s philosophy is complicated and detailed. However, the central theme to Marx’s theories was his view that economic forces were increasingly oppressing human beings and his belief that political action and change were necessary. Marx’s thinking is a reaction to the industrial society of the mid ninete... ...pitalism (New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1988), 8. [viii] Gurley, 8. [ix] Karl Marx. Manifesto of the Communist Party, ed. Friedrich Engels (The Avalon Project at Yale Law School), Section IV. Position of the Communist In Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties. [x] [xi] Gurley, 31. [xii] John Elster. An Introduction to Karl Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 7. [xiii] Gurley, 27. [xiv] [xv] Gurley, 5. Other Links: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/index.htm http://radicalacademy.com/philmarx.htm http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html http://www.marxists.org/

Canadian Pacific Railway

They were forced out of office and defeated by the prime minister Alexander Mackenzie What dolefulness did the liberal covet. Face? A major economic depression was sweeping AN(railway was a huge undertaking) Mackenzie disagreed with McDonald balloons of a nation linked by rail from sea to Mackenzie thought it was a loot of expensive trouble The main geographical problems with building the railway was the mountains to the west. The Fraser River the Canadians shield and the distance from the mainland and Vancouver land.A formula for nation building,remained an essential part of Canadian government policy Including a system of protective Tariffs, Western Settlement and The CPRM â€Å"Canada for Canada† -McDonald Resources (Gold In BC) Keep American out promise BC to build a railroad Eastern politicians viewed the Canadian west as a potential market Parries=well suited for agriculture Canadian gob. Supported settlements of the west by farmers Grains and crop would be produced for export abroad income would be spent on Canadian manufacture goods John A. Mcdonald found the backer who can start the railway project.Sir Hugh Allen rated CPRM, but with American backer. Private investors George Stephen (Bank of Montreal) Donald Smith(HOB) James J Hill It was controversial because it wasn't fair for any of the new railway company rat wanted to come In. Very one sided Sad 1400 miles Waldron to Port Hardy Windsor,Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, North Bay, Sturdy, Fort Williams, ignore, Winnipeg, portage la paired branded, swift current, Medicine Hat, Calgary, Fans, Yale, Port Moody, & Vancouver $60 million to make railway through the Rockies no know path through Selkirk Mint. (Roger) Albert Bowman Rogers, found a path April 1881Avoid land speculators and keep the Americans out William Van Horse was an intelligent and dedicated worker who was chosen to be the general manager of the CPRM. Van Horn instilled a balance of Discipline and worker satisfaction in the workers (Most ly disciplined). He was able to complete the CPRM 5 year a head of the expected date. Cost of blasting tunnels and trestles Creditor cooling In loans worker Unpaid threatening strike snow on tractors Ian Horn moved covet. Troops to Saskatchewan In 10 day to defeat reels forces and the Cree uprising crowfoot had signed a treaty with covet. The Cree were suffering

How Is Globalization Affecting the Spread Of Diseases? Essay

Although there are several articles discussing globalization and health, it is important to understand the processes of globalization affecting health outcomes and the local and global health responses. One of the major focal point of this article has been the association of globalization and infectious disease. Although globalization is already at widespread interest on its emergence and impact, there’s still a limited agreement on what is it precisely. Globalization is a term that is behind misunderstood by many of us. Its definition is dependent upon ones arguments. The term is being contested by many people who are in big dispute regarding the issue. Some of us may define it as a process of increasing global temperature due to undisciplined chores of people. However, this meaning is just a part of its definition as understood by many of contemporary people even scientists. Globalization is manifested in the increase of international transportation, communication and other people chores. It is a complicated and multi-faceted set of processes having widespread impacts on humans. According to Saker et. al. (2004), globalization is defined as â€Å"changing the nature of human interaction across a wide range of spheres including the economic, political, social, technological and environment†¦.. the process of change can be described as globalizing in the sense that boundaries of various kinds are becoming eroded. This erosion can be seen to be occurring along three dimensions: spatial, temporal and cognitive. † It is being motivated and constrained by a couple of forces: economic processes, technological developments, political influences, cultural and value systems, and social and natural environmental forces. These forces have direct or indirect effects to the health aspects among humans at a number of different levels. As globalization experienced by the different parts of the world, some wide-range changes impacting on the health aspects remains unclear. This paper will tackle about the interrelation between globalization and spreading of infectious diseases. In addition, it will also discuss, in some cases, the management of diseases. It also aims to improve the understanding regarding the phenomenon as it influences infectious diseases. Thesis Statement Because of the alarming incidence of the spread of many diseases among different countries, many believe that one of the major causes of this spread is globalization itself by physical, natural, social, cultural, economical, political, and technological interaction between countries. Globalization: An Interdisciplinary Approach The phenomenon affects many of social aspects including health. The redistribution and movement of bacteria or viruses is one of the detrimental effects of globalization. We know that globalization is a big opportunity for the economy to boost. However, it is also the factor that promotes unfriendly social force that affects those in the periphery of societies. The two sides endorse a negative aspects but it also support for a positive effects. Then, what really is globalization, for bad or for good? If we try to scrutinize the aspect and all of its processes of globalization, we could find out that health sciences could benefit from the explicit thoughtful understanding of the phenomenon. Globalization really changed the health aspects of the whole planet. Many infected persons of a certain disease don’t know its causes or even the disease itself. Diseases are coming closer to us because of international travels become easy, simple and common place. Globalization, together with climate change, bridges the easy advancement and transfer of pathogens. Common dieses could become a plague and virulent diseases. For instance, due to the ever-changing ecosystems, vector-borne diseases such as the Bluetongue virus and West Nile Fever have spread extremely. Besides, the circulation and propagation of Food and Mouth Disease is caused by the intensification of commercial movement. Northoff (2007) said that â€Å"most of the emerging infectious diseases are not new: they began by affecting animals, but as time has passed, the diseases breached the species barrier. † Globalization as Disciplines The processes of globalization have a potential force in the influence in health, economy and politics. Globalization brings couple of positive effects in terms as developed in international relations, political economy, and health society. As being stated regarding the inference of globalization: â€Å"an understanding of global health issues at the turn of the twenty-first century could benefit substantially from the voluminous literature on globalization from international relations, including the subfields of social and political theory and international political economy. This is a rich and voluminous literature. It documents what structural changes are occurring toward a global political economy, how power relationships are embedded within this process of change, what varying impacts this may have on individuals and groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mayer, 2008). It just implies that globalization is more than a mere increase in â€Å"international independence and international connectivity† (Mayer, 2008). Another negative factor it brings is the deviated patterns in diseases due to regular change social and natural patterns. Many decades and, perhaps, centuries old had established historical transformation. According to Mayer (2008), â€Å"globalization certainly contains elements of increasing global interdependency, the decline of international boundaries as deterministic social constructs, and the erosion of distance as an inhibitor of human interaction for some but not all segments of societies—though the effects of distance are highly variable, and some societies remain locally constrained. † Furthermore, the term is not only referring to the regular advances of increasing goods and people, but also to the movement of capital. According to Dr. Jeffrey Koplan, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, infectious and chronic diseases is not locally widespread but also permeate globally (â€Å"CDC Says Globalization Will Affect Disease Spreading†, 2002). Koplan stated that illnesses and globalization are being related to one another. He said that â€Å" because globalization sets a common agenda for the public health workers of the world, more opportunities are available to developing countries that previously trailed behind most other nations† (â€Å"CDC Says Globalization Will Affect Disease Spreading†, 2002). In addition, he stated that physical borders are practically worthless. He said the biggest risk is the speed at which diseases can be multiply and extended. According to him, due to population amplification, diseases are also gained its spreading due to constant mixture of people and infectious diseases. He also added that as country reach the level of Industrialization, people also become wealthier. Affluence brings new health fear such as obesity. Most of developed countries have a high incidence of a bad health lifestyle and they have high rates of cardiovascular diseases. According to Northoff (2007), the bluetongue virus is widely spreading as it is infected the United States. The virus is an animal virus that recently arrived in the US. It just implies that no country could claim that they are free from any diseases. This non-contagious virus affects all the ruminants such as goats, deer, cattle and sheep. However, this virus is not transmitted directly between animals and no effects in humans. The bluetongue virus was first revealed in South Africa but it has already reached many countries. In fact, it already traversed the Mediterranean by the end of 1990s. The virus had been found in Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and North France and United Kingdom since the summer of 2006. The reason upon the continuous and increased pace of spread of the virus remains unclear. The virus was already acclimatized to new local insect carrier of the Culicoides genus which endures cold temperature. Indeed, some people couldn’t believe that the virus already affects European countries considering their high latitudes. According to Northoff (2007), the virus is already prevalent in Corsica and Sardinia but could even endure in northern European countries. In addition, he said that â€Å"Transboundary animal diseases† are originally restricted to tropical countries but they are already swelling due to globalization such as West Nile Virus, transmitted through mosquitoes or carried by birds, Leishmaniasis, a parasitic ailment that proliferates through the bite of infected sand flies and tick-borne Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever. African horse sickness, a disease passed on by the same midges that also carry bluetongue and African swine fever. Mosquitoes that also bring diseases such as dengue also reached European countries. Influenza, or better known as Flu, is the most common disease in animals today. In 1918 in Spain, the first great flu plague had happened. It was recorded that 40 million people died from the H1N1 strain of the virus. Also, in 1957, the H3N2 and latter the H4N2 was seen damaging many lives. Globalization brings also the resistance of bird flu, a highly pathogenic strain of avail influenza called the H5N1 virus type. In fact, in the past four years, there were 251 recorded cases of H5N1, among them are fatal. This case merely suggests that we are in the predecessor level of a Bubonic plague. Since the globalization refers to the movement of people, goods, tourism and other aspects, it also favors the widespread of animal viruses and other diseases around the planet. The exposure and immunity of viruses and bacteria causing diseases increase their mobility and resistance that international community should take it seriously. With regard, early detection of these viruses is needed as an effective defense mechanism. In order for these measures to be taken up successfully, strong political support and funding of a government is required considering most of the countries are not prepared with this new threat. The challenges that we are facing today and being aggravated by globalization, suggest that we must be aware and vigilant to find partnerships for the deterrence and control of epidemics and pandemics. These cases and the treatment of diseases and the development of preventive measures should be delve into and advanced. Collaboration may be the best strategy to be able to research, develop and provide medications to prevent and treat neglected diseases before it become a pestilence. Since diseases have no physical countries when it comes to their spreading out, international support among countries involved. Without the collaboration and cooperation of those infected countries will lead to the widespread of the diseases among other parts of the world. From time to time, it may be also necessary to convince the authorities of the countries involved that cooperation is very important. In addition, for our health security to be secured, it is essential to promote partnerships between private and public sectors. In this way, research and development of neglected diseases are increased and advanced and the spread of viruses at their source could be attacked. There are treatments of some diseases but they are very toxic, often causing death, and ordinary people couldn’t buy it for it is so expensive. Even worse, there are diseases that have no treatments which results to sudden death. Spreading of infectious Disease Some pathogens live in the environment and affect human directly. However, some pathogens, can only survive as a host. If the transmission occurs between humans, the infection is transmittable. The processes and mode of transmission is influenced by different factors. For example, according to Saker et. al (2004), â€Å"transmission of vector-borne diseases is influenced by factors which affect vector numbers (e. g. warmer temperature increases mosquito reproduction rates), contact between humans and vectors (e. g. tourism brings people to areas where malaria-carrying-immune people to areas where malaria is prevalent), intermediate host numbers (e. g. dams provide breeding grounds for snails carrying schistosomiasis), or human or animal behaviors (e. g. warmer temperatures encourage people to bathe in pools, which may be contaminated by schictosome larvae. † Pathogens are highly receptive to the surroundings. The reasons are: their ability to live and multiply depends on the existing right climatic and nutritional conditions and local conditions. Saker et. al (2004, page 10) stated: â€Å"Diverse environmental factors, such as ambient climate and the presence or absence of overcrowding, clean water or particular types of flora and fauna, influence a pathogen’s chances of flourishing and causing disease. Some pathogens thrive in warm and wet climates while others only survive in colder, drier conditions. Still others can survive almost anywhere. Thus some pathogens cause disease worldwide while others are only found in well-defined areas where the local environment is favorable to their propagation. The latter is particularly true for vector-borne diseases since here the local environment needs to support the survival and multiplication of not only the offending pathogen but also the relevant vector and often a third host as well. † Since, in general, the rate at which a single case of human illness generates new infections depends on the combination of biological and social factors. Thus, transmission is affected not only in the number of infectious agents but also by the living states of the human population. References: (2002). CDC Says Globalization Will Affect Disease Spreading. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from Boston University Website: http://media. www. dailyfreepress. com/media/storage/paper87/news/2002/02/14/News/Cd c-Says.Globalization. Will. Affect. Disease. Spreading-184907-page2. shtml Northoff, E. (2007). Spread of bluetongue confirms animal diseases on the rise. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Website: http://www. fao. org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000675/index. html Mayer, J. (2008) The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities, Workshop Summary – Forum on Microbial Threats. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from Washington: Website: http://books. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=11588&page=197 UNESCAP. Globalization and Health. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from Bangkok: Website: http://209. 85. 175. 104/search? q=cache:K0_IsfsCTaQJ:lib_user5. unescap. org/esid/hds/issu es/GlobalizationHealth. pdf+HOW+GLOBALIZATION+AFFECTING+SPREAD+DISE ASES&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=ph Kerpelman, T. (2008). Aid & Trade: Containing Pandemics. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from ICVolunteers Website: : http://www. icvolunteers. org/index. php? what=news&id=302 Saker, et. Al. (2004). Globalization and Infectious Disease: A review of the Linkages. World Health Organization

Class identities are created during primary socialisation Essays

Class identities are created during primary socialisation Essays Class identities are created during primary socialisation Paper Class identities are created during primary socialisation Paper Essay Topic: Sociology The concept ‘class identity’ refers to an individual’s position in society based upon wealth, employment, materialism and education. Each of these assets contributes to determine one’s socioeconomic status. The contemporary UK arguably consists of four predominant classes: the underclass, the working class, the middle ‘classes’ and finally, the upper class. Each class consists of certain qualities which ultimately define an individual or even a family to that particular class; these qualities often consist of norms and values, accents as well as culture. The family is important in applying a child with manners, as these are often varied between classes and help to distinguish which class an individual belongs to, along with the consideration of vocabulary. Primary socialisation refers to the earliest childhood years, before secondary socialisation, where children interpret their first understanding of life based upon the support around them at this crucial stage in development. The early stages in life are the hugest influence on culture, as what individuals are witnessed to from birth becomes what they are familiar with. An example of this is how upper classes are associated with high culture, whilst popular culture is considered more common. Additionally, high culture, including institutions such as opera, often consist of people with a familiar, acquired taste for such leisure. The family is arguably the most critical institution of primary socialisation, as functionalist Parsons argues that one of the main functions of the family is to provide warmth and security to provide the consensus values which society depends upon. If we apply Parson’s ideology that the family is independently the most vital provider of socialisation, we can evaluate the extent in which the family brings forth the qualities we deem applicable to each class. Sociologists, such as Reay (1998), argue that everyday aspects of family life are hugely influenced by social class. Reay’s example of this highlighted that middle class mothers, with a higher experience of education, often felt more confident in tutoring children in comparison to working class mothers whom lack the qualifications of those in a higher class. These different displays of confidence and education will ultimately be instilled with the children, as they will most likely adopt these influences later on in life, which defines their social class. However, the void of purpose and education amongst working class life within the UK frequently leads to teen parents, which is suggested by Carter and Coleman (2006). Additionally, the relationships between lower classes tend to consist of strong community and family bonds; the tradition of young parents is simply the status quo and accepted aspect of both working class and under class life. As this aspect is repeated throughout these societies, teenage pregnancies become deviant to upper, elite classes whilst the concept of teen pregnancy is deemed a trait associated with lower classes. In contrast, it is arguable that secondary agents of socialisation are also huge influences on class identity. Education is a powerful determination of which class one belongs to, as upper classes posses economic and cultural capital which lower classes lack. According to Bordieu, the three capitals the upper classes have provide children with expensive private schools which boost their opportunities in life. Additionally, parents from higher classes naturally encourage children more intensively than lower classes, as lower classes don’t have the wealth to provide the institutions which higher classes have. Followed by education, peer groups also familiarise individuals with their social class. Peer groups from the same school are all from a similar area; this ultimately means that the majority of peers will be from a similar background, which provides a sense of solidarity which is especially common in the working and the under class. Mac and Ghaill (1994) studied that groups of boys from each class demonstrated particular levels of traditional masculinity. Working class boys were especially more masculine as this portrayal would avoid deviance and sanctions within a peer group. The company individuals are exposed to in society provides socialisation in context of leisure activities and accents, as slang often becomes frequent. Employment is a huge influence on class identity as stereotypically, intelligentsia classes are associated with professional careers such as educators, doctors and lawyers. Savage’s study (1995) shows that if young professional workers from a higher class are associated to average workers from lower classes, that their taste for high culture and popular culture can submerge, and they will show a favour to both lifestyles. However, those in higher places, such as managers, prefer to be privatised and secluded in their leisure. This relates back to the importance of culture determining class identity. The media is also a major institution which has differences between classes. The media is a form of culture and therefore is varied between classes, as tv shows and magazines of different topics are preferred by individuals of different classes. Medhurst (1999) found that tv shows based on social class life help to form opinions on lower classes as Middle class members believed ‘The Royle Family’ provided a legit insight to working class life. This study summarises the assumptions made between classes on other ‘alien’ classes. It is difficult to argue that the importance of media is significant in socialising individuals in comparison to the family, as tv shows seem to be more of a trait distinguished between classes. Similarly to the media, religion is arguably a trait of socioeconomic status in comparison to the other agents of socialisation, as the importance of religion is secularised and there is less stigma to its influence. Different religions are apparent in different classes, as Catholicism is associated with the working class whilst the Church of England is associated with higher classes. The influence of these different religions provides a variety of norms to classes which creates a conflict and prejudice in the judgement of individuals.

Tips on Writing a Patent Application Abstract

Tips on Writing a Patent Application Abstract The abstract is part of a written patent application. It’s a short summary of your invention, no more than a paragraph, and it appears at the beginning of the application. Think of it as a condensed version of your patent where you can abstract – or take out and focus on – the essence of your invention.   Here are the basic rules for  an abstract from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Law MPEP 608.01(b), Abstract of the Disclosure: A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification must commence on a separate sheet, preferably following the claims, under the heading Abstract or Abstract of the Disclosure. The abstract in an application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111 may not exceed 150 words in length. The purpose of the abstract is to enable the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. Why Is an Abstract Necessary?   Abstracts are used primarily for searching patents. They should be written in a way that makes the invention easily understood by anyone with a background in the field. The reader should be able to quickly get a sense of the nature of the invention so he can decide whether he wants to read the rest of the patent application.   The abstract describes your invention. It says how it can be used, but it does not discuss the scope of your claims, which are  the legal reasons why your idea should be protected by a patent protected, providing it with a legal shield that prevents it from being stolen by others.   Writing Your Abstract Give the page a title, such as Abstract or Abstract of the Specification if you’re applying to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Use Abstract of the Disclosure if you’re applying to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.   Explain what your invention is and  tell the reader what it will be used for. Describe the main components of your invention and how they work. Don’t refer to any claims, drawings or other elements that are included in your application. Your abstract is intended to be read on its own so your reader won’t understand any references you make to other parts of your application.   Your abstract  must be 150 words or less. It may take you a couple of tries to fit your summary into this limited space. Read it over a few times to eliminate unnecessary words and jargon. Try to avoid removing articles such as â€Å"a,† â€Å"an† or â€Å"the† because this can make the abstract difficult to read. This information comes from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office or CIPO. The tips would also be helpful for patent applications to the USPTO or World Intellectual Property Organization.

Overview of the Business School Application Process

Overview of the Business School Application Process Business School Applications Defined A business school application is a general term used to describe the application (admissions) process that most business schools use when deciding which students they will admit into a program and which students they will reject.   Components of a business school application vary depending on the school and the level at which you are applying. For example, a selective school may require more application components than a less-selective school. The typical components of a business school application include: Official transcriptsStandardized test scoresRecommendation lettersApplication essays When applying to business school, you will find that the admissions process can be rather extensive. Most of the top business schools are very selective and will look at a variety of factors to determine whether or not you fit with their program. Before you are placed under their microscope, you will want to make sure that you are as prepared as you can possibly be. The rest of this article will focus on business school applications at the graduate level. When to Apply to Business School Begin by applying to your school of choice as soon as possible. Most business schools have either two or three application deadlines/rounds. Applying in the first round will increase your chances of acceptance, because there are more empty spots available. By the time the third round has commenced, many students have already been accepted, which lessens your chances considerably. Read more: MBA Application TimelineRound Admissions StrategyRound Admissions vs Rolling AdmissionsTips for Round Two Applicants Transcripts and Grade Point Average When a business school looks at your transcripts, they are essentially evaluating the courses you took and the grades you achieved. An applicants grade point average (GPA) can be evaluated many different ways depending upon the school. The median GPA for applicants admitted into top business schools is approximately 3.5. If your GPA is less than that, it doesnt mean that you will be excluded from the school of your choice, it simply means that the rest of your application should make up for it. Once you get the grades, youre stuck with them. Make the best of what you have.  Read more: The Role of GPA in Grad School AdmissionsRaise a Bad GPA After the Fact Standardized Tests The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a standardized exam used by graduate business schools to assess how well students are likely to do in an MBA program. The GMAT exam measures basic verbal, mathematical, and analytical writing skills. GMAT scores range from 200 to 800. The majority of test takers score between 400 and 600. The median score for applicants admitted into top schools is 700.  Read more: Taking the GMATHow Important is Your GMAT ScoreWhen to Retake the GMAT Recommendation Letters Recommendation letters are an essential part of most business school applications. Many business schools require at least two letters of recommendation (if not three). If you want to truly enhance your application, recommendation letters should be written by someone who knows you very well. A supervisor or an undergraduate professor are common choices.  Read more: Recommendations That Work for Business School Applicants10 Sample Recommendation LettersRecommendation Letters FAQ Business School Application Essays When applying to business school, you may write as many as seven application essays ranging between 2,000 and 4,000 words. Essays are your opportunity to convince your school of choice that you are the right pick for their program.  Writing an application essay is no easy feat. It takes time and hard work, but it’s well worth the effort. A good essay will compliment your application and set you apart from other applicants.  Read more: Seven Tips for a Better Application Essay Admissions Interviews Interview procedures vary depending on the business school you are applying to. In some cases, all applicants are required to interview. In other cases, applicants are only allowed to interview by invitation only.  Preparing for your interview is just as important as preparing for the GMAT. A good interview will not guarantee your acceptance, but a bad interview will surely spell disaster.  Read more: Common Interview QuestionsInterview Dos and Donts

The FEC and Federal Campaign Finance Law Research Paper

The FEC and Federal Campaign Finance Law - Research Paper Example The FEC was created in 1971, but the need for this type of regulation was seen as early as 1905 by President Roosevelt. The idea behind this was to limit the influence that the wealthy would have over the outcome of a specific election, work on regulating the amount spent while campaigning for a federal office, and work to deter abuse of the system by requiring public disclosure of the funds that are spent, and where those funds are allocated. The question becomes since this system was implemented in the 1970s, how well has it worked? Is it an efficient system, and is it effective in accomplishing the goals that have been set for this particular government agency? The FEC has a system of checks and balances in place to where they not only review each report filed by federal candidates and committees, but also a system of enforcement and a system that allows third parties to file complaints if they believe a violation has occurred. The staff reviews each report that they receive, as f iled by a federal candidate or committee in order to make sure that they have complied fully with the disclosure requirements and limits that are imposed on political contributions. In addition, they may generate an enforcement action, referred to as an MUR, or Matter Under Review, during the course of reviewing these reports. If four of the six members that review each specific instance of possible violation of the law believe that a violation has occurred, the MUR will move to the next level of investigation. In the next level of investigation, the Commission uses a form of mediation between the parties who have submitted the report and those who believe the violation has occurred. The agreement reached as a result of these reviews may require a fine be paid, or other actions are taken. If an agreement cannot be reached, however, the Commission may file a suit against the appropriate persons in a U.S. District Court (FEC, 2013). A complaint may also be filed by any concerned third party, which would then go through the same steps as a typical MUR.

Class Contribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Class Contribution - Essay Example As cost incessantly drives business, labor unions and/or trade unions are but one mechanism through which the labor market is able to leverage their own interests and work together in order to derive a better salary and result from the multinational company interested in doing business within the borders of a given state (Kanter et al 1998). Accordingly, if the other factors that the multinational firm is specifically interested in have positive associations and work to attract the interest of key economic development authorities and key decision makers, the level of trade unionism is likely to have little impact upon the final decision. 2-why might the internationalization process of Chinese companies, such as CFS differ from those of other companies? Discuss. Whereas most companies greet the process of internationalization from a more or less equal footing as a corporate citizen of a domestic entity that has a full level of integration with the world’s economy, the case of C FS was quite different than most due to the fact that it had been under Chinese state ownership for a period of around 40 years prior to the first movements towards privatization and the subsequent internationalization that developed as a result of the firm attempting to integrate with the remainder of the world’s economy (Zhenquan et al 2009). Accordingly this disintegration with the remainder of the world’s economy for such a long period of time effected many issues within CFS as it began to re-organize and rely heavily on layers of middle and lower management to affect the key goals and strategies that the firm needed in order to maintain its vision (Barnes 1994). Furthermore, key levels of retraining and re-engagement by the firm with regards to its workforce were necessitated as shareholders were unfamiliar with the management practices and implied intent of other leadership around the globe. As a means of rapidly acquainting them with these differentials, a serie s of seminars and trainers needed to be rapidly engaged with the shareholders to reorient their approach to key issues. As a means to accomplish this end and as a means to rapidly aquire the skills that they did not possess, CFS invested heavily in their European headquarters in London as a means to rapidly bring their staff up to speed with respect to the latter’s prowess in the field of HR management. 3-What lesson(s) may be drawn from the Gillette Singapore experience? Mergers and acquisitions of international firms oftentimes become synonymous with a breakdown of integration and months, quarters, or even years of non-aligned business goals and strategies. As a function of this, the case of Gillette in Singapore is unique. When Gillette acquired Parker Pen, the approach that was followed was one of full local integration from the very beginning (Rowley 2007). Although many firms tout such a desire, few are able to achieve it. Yet, Gillette and Parker Pen mapped out a very basic local integration scheme whereby the local norms and cultural differences between the other markets that Gillette currently leveraged and that of Parker Pen’s subsidiaries and market niche were considered. As a function of

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY-CASE STUDIES IN POLICY PowerPoint Presentation - 2

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY-CASE STUDIES IN POLICY DECISION - PowerPoint Presentation Example Afar from the international politics of power, the general realization is that there was no practical, strategic and military justifications for the development of a weapon with such huge prospects of destruction. The development of a Hydrogen Bomb just for the sake of proving a point was in no way practical considering the resources that were utilized in the development of such a weapon. Furthermore, the possibility of using such an immensly destructive weapon was unethical and inhumane by any standards even during wars. However, Dr. Edward Teller speculated that the fear aroused by the existence of such a weapon would drive humanity to engage in more reasonable politics rather than the politics of destruction (Groot, 2004, p.164). In a letter to the President, Lewis Strauss stressed that the public opinion was already against the development of such a weapon due to the heavy costs (Strauss, 1950). However, Teller also outlines that the success of such a weapon in checking power and possibly preventing a war, would only be successful when another country like the Soviet Union possessed the same weapon. The question is what happenns when the balance of power is broken when some unruly third w orld country or a terrorist organization gains possession of such a technology? Gizewski (1996, p.399) adds that the move of making such a destructive weapon would tarnish the image of any nation in international politics due to the emotions harbored after the Nagasaki and Hiroshima atomic bombings. The military/strateic justifications further make the development of hydrogen bomb unreasonable. According to Groot (2004, p.182), the arms race that was experienced among the developed nations during the cold war could have only been stopped when nations ceased from making destructive weapons and filling up their arsenals. The United States had realized that it could not make

Toward a Personology of the Consumer by Hans Baumgartner Essay

Toward a Personology of the Consumer by Hans Baumgartner - Essay Example The main objective of the study undertaken by Hans Baumgartner is to be able to present a certain perspective on the personology of the consumer. It can be considered as the main basis of the study on the personality psychology. In the achievement of such level of knowledge, the main determinants of consumer behavior can be achieved. The study presented can be considered as a library-based description and exploration of the established concept and updates regarding the research on consumer behavior. It can be considered advantageous in the determination and evaluation of the amount of knowledge in the said field. Consequently, the results gathered in the said field can be considered limited, for that matter, the aims of the said study can be essential to serve as a stimulus for further research. Based on the Handbook of Consumer Behavior, as quoted by the author, the limited information on the determination of the consumer behavior is based on the probabilistic models of the choices that are made by consumers, the neo-Pavlovian conditioning and the role of psychophysiology in consumer research. These concepts can be considered as influences on the choices made by the consumers. Although this is the case, the said concepts are not considered to cover the main personality and behavior of the consumers (Baumgartner , 2002). Based on the point of view of the author, the personality of the consumers can be distinctly identified from the choices that they can make regarding the different products in the market. This can be considered probable since different personalities can be stereotypically judged to have different preference and needs. Choices can be at some point considered as a narrow precept in the determination of the consumer behavior.

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Literature Review - Essay Example This DSME program was made for people with low incomes and lack of diabetes knowledge so that they can be prevented from being diagnosed with diabetes (Kemper et al., 2005). This article discusses the increasing rate of diabetic patients hospitalized in New York State, and the effects on the number of people hospitalized with diabetes. The ages of these hospitalized diabetic patients are between 25 and 74 years old in New York City from 1993 to2000. The study measured and compared the rates of hospitalized diabetics from  specific ZIP codes and persistent organic pollutant (POP) areas; an analytical data method was used in this article. The results were that patients in ZIP sites had better incomes, engaged in more physical activity, not as much use of smoking, and had better diets. Also, the hospitalization rate of diabetics influenced the ZIP codes sites, which raised the hospitalization rates of people with diabetes who came from POP sites and "other" (Kouznetsova et al., 2007). The research in "Fatigue in employees with diabetes: Its relation with work characteristics and diabetes-related burden" is about how work characteristics from the Job Demand-Control-Support model (JDCS) relate to fatigue and diabetes. The population used in this study was employees aged between 30 and 60 years old who have diabetes (type 1 and 2 diabetes); this study was taken from a diabetes clinic in the Netherlands. The job stress or pressure for the employees was measured through analytical data observation. The result was that diabetes symptoms have a huge effect on an employee’s fatigue levels (Weijman et al., 2003). Also, the less support that employees received in the work environment meant the greater fatigue problems that employees had. On the other hand, the study that affects gender and health showed the effects of gender roles and influence on health. Whereas women live longer than men, women get sicker more often than men (Bird and Fremont, 1991). This article discusses three health inequality models: the racial genetic model, lifestyle model, and socioeconomic status model. The use of these three models is to show health inequality for African-Americans and compare that with the healthcare that white Americans receive. The author discussed in detail about the healthcare differences for both ethnic groups. Next, the author listed all the major health problems and provided statistics to show racial inequality; it has been mentioned in other research that inequality in healthcare derives from the inequality in health insurance (Quesnel-Vallee, 2004). Finally, the author presented and discussed the social structural model, or what he called the alternative model (Dressler, 1993). The author used observational and analytical research for the population of African-Americans in terms of gender and age in the United States. He measured socioeconomic and health statuses to see whether there was a difference in diet, exercise, and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes for each ethnic group. Also, in this research the author was specific regarding darker skin colors of Americans (Dressler, 1993). For this study’s results, he found that the health of African-Americans health was on average poorer than white Americans. For health inequality, the author found that African-Americans had a higher likelihood of a major cause of mortality than white people;

Comparative Corporate Governance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Comparative Corporate Governance - Assignment Example Either way, the only time that accountability comes into play is when there is a crisis. In this way, managerial accountability issues are the same across jurisdictions. I. Corporate Governance in the United States Corporate governance and governance arrangements vary widely from country to country, and to illustrate this an in-depth examination will focus upon the UK and the United States. The first thing to understand about the United States’ corporate governance is that it evolved after the Enron and WorldCom scandals of the early 1990s to early 2000s. In order to understand why corporate governance in the UK and the United States evolved, one must under the precipitating factors in their evolutions, and that was the Enron and WorldCom scandals in the late 1990s-early 2000s. Corporate governance was different for the United States in the 1980s, because, during this period, hostile takeovers changed the way that corporations did business. 1 Leveraged buyouts were costly mane uvers, which made managers sensitive to the market price of their firm. This, in turn, led to great risks in inflating the stock prices. This was coupled with widespread deregulation and the rise of CEO pay.2 Since CEO pay was tied to the company’s performance, the CEO had reason to inflate the corporate numbers, because this, in turn, would inflate the salary of the CEO. The tie from the company’s performance to the CEO was further reason for the CEO to obsess about the day to day price of the firm. What this means was that, since the CEO pay was tied to the performance of the company, there was further reason for the CEO to inflate numbers, because it would also inflate his or her salary. Because of this tie from the performance of the company to the CEO pay, the CEO was given further reason to obsess over the day to day price of the firm. Moreover, there was a failure of accounting in catching the Enron and WorldCom debacles.3 Arthur Andersen, the accounting firm be hind the Enron scandal, went from being one of the most well-respected professional firms in the world to a shamed company that was not only responsible for the Enron scandal, but securities frauds in Waste Management, Sunbeam, HBOCMcKesson, The Baptist Foundation and Global Crossing as well.4 While the U.S. has also traditionally believed in the power of the free market,5 in the wake of the scandals, the U.S. implemented a series of rules, as codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, by which corporations must abide. Some of these rules involve transparency in the disclosure of executive compensation.6 According to the SEC, all corporations must disclose any remuneration made to the CEO, CFO and the three most highly paid officers.7 The rules apply to the following disclosures: â€Å"(1) tabular disclosures regarding executive remuneration and director remuneration;(2) narrative description of other types of remuneration and any information material to an understanding of the t abular information, and (3) a Compensation Discussion and Analysis (â€Å"CD&A†)†8 . The way that all companies must disclose this information is through their annual proxy statement, which the SEC's website makes available on-line.9 Additionally, there are other regulations that are designed to increase transparency about executive and director compensation. For instance, there are regulations that require disclosure regarding â€Å"(i) beneficial ownership of public company securities by persons owning 5% or more of

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Literature Review - Essay Example This DSME program was made for people with low incomes and lack of diabetes knowledge so that they can be prevented from being diagnosed with diabetes (Kemper et al., 2005). This article discusses the increasing rate of diabetic patients hospitalized in New York State, and the effects on the number of people hospitalized with diabetes. The ages of these hospitalized diabetic patients are between 25 and 74 years old in New York City from 1993 to2000. The study measured and compared the rates of hospitalized diabetics from  specific ZIP codes and persistent organic pollutant (POP) areas; an analytical data method was used in this article. The results were that patients in ZIP sites had better incomes, engaged in more physical activity, not as much use of smoking, and had better diets. Also, the hospitalization rate of diabetics influenced the ZIP codes sites, which raised the hospitalization rates of people with diabetes who came from POP sites and "other" (Kouznetsova et al., 2007). The research in "Fatigue in employees with diabetes: Its relation with work characteristics and diabetes-related burden" is about how work characteristics from the Job Demand-Control-Support model (JDCS) relate to fatigue and diabetes. The population used in this study was employees aged between 30 and 60 years old who have diabetes (type 1 and 2 diabetes); this study was taken from a diabetes clinic in the Netherlands. The job stress or pressure for the employees was measured through analytical data observation. The result was that diabetes symptoms have a huge effect on an employee’s fatigue levels (Weijman et al., 2003). Also, the less support that employees received in the work environment meant the greater fatigue problems that employees had. On the other hand, the study that affects gender and health showed the effects of gender roles and influence on health. Whereas women live longer than men, women get sicker more often than men (Bird and Fremont, 1991). This article discusses three health inequality models: the racial genetic model, lifestyle model, and socioeconomic status model. The use of these three models is to show health inequality for African-Americans and compare that with the healthcare that white Americans receive. The author discussed in detail about the healthcare differences for both ethnic groups. Next, the author listed all the major health problems and provided statistics to show racial inequality; it has been mentioned in other research that inequality in healthcare derives from the inequality in health insurance (Quesnel-Vallee, 2004). Finally, the author presented and discussed the social structural model, or what he called the alternative model (Dressler, 1993). The author used observational and analytical research for the population of African-Americans in terms of gender and age in the United States. He measured socioeconomic and health statuses to see whether there was a difference in diet, exercise, and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes for each ethnic group. Also, in this research the author was specific regarding darker skin colors of Americans (Dressler, 1993). For this study’s results, he found that the health of African-Americans health was on average poorer than white Americans. For health inequality, the author found that African-Americans had a higher likelihood of a major cause of mortality than white people;

PSY 365 Psychology of Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PSY 365 Psychology of Diversity - Essay Example The hypothesis was that there were significant differences in these two influences on prosocial behavior according to age, and that gender differences would also emerge. 682 families participated in the study by answering questionnaires both from the parents and the teachers of the children. The sample was divided into children under 11 and those over 11 years. The results showed no significant difference in effect of genetics and environment according to gender. Individual differences in prosocial behavior emerged as children became adolescents, with environmental effect decreasing and genetics effect increasing. Although this study gathered data from the teachers, this data was only used to compare the ratings of parents with teachers as a way to confirm the level of prosocial behavior of the child. It was not used to compare the effect of shared (home) environment with unshared (school) environment. Two years later Knafo and Plomin (2006) also examined the effect of the environment and genetics on prosocial behavior in young children. This was a longitudinal study at ages 2, 3, 4 and 7 of a sample of 9,424 pairs of twins in the UK. The main hypothesis was that genetics and environment do not continue to affect behavior and that new influences emerge in later years. The study measured the level of prosocial behavior, the shared environment, the unshared environment and the genetic influences. The results of the study indicated that the shared environment had less effect as the children aged, but the genetics had a greater effect. The results also showed that the genetic effects account for both change and continuity in prosocial behavior but the nonshared environments effects account mainly for the changes in prosocial behavior. Although Knafo and Plomin only carried out their study to age 7, both studies found that genetic effects on prosocial behavior increased with age and that the biological influence of genetics increased whereas

Reserve Officers Training Corps Essay Example for Free

Reserve Officers Training Corps Essay a. Discuss how the mission and vision of the Mapua C.W.T.S. and R.O.T. C. objectives are respectively reflected in the C.W.T.S. and R.O.T.C. activities. The C.W.T.S. activities promote social awareness and civic consciousness by going to different communities and being aware of the situation of every family that is living there. It also promotes civic responsibility, since in those communities; the students will be on a hands-on application that involves project preparation, planning and implementation at the assigned adopted communities. The students were developed to be a productive member of the community and the students are trained to face responsibly their duties and obligations. They are also able to help the less fortunate and underprivileged people in the society through working with the community. While in the activities of R.O.T.C., the students are being trained, motivated, and organized for national defense preparedness. It will be discussed to the ROTC cadets the military concepts and field drills will be conducted as the practical application. They will be engaged in activities such as map reading and land navigation, basic signal communication, unit formations, basic weapons training and pre-marksmanship training that will develop their skills and capabilities to lead, move, survive and communicate. The cadets will also participate in activities such as the Foundation Day of the Institute, Intramuros Day, Blood Letting Activity, Tree Planting Program, Alay-Lakad and the conduct of routine flag raising and retreat activities that could inculcate in the youth the spirit of patriotism and nationalism, also in developing their vital role in nation-building. And, they will be engaged in activities related to livelihood and economic development that would develop their civic consciousness and good citizenship. b. Compare and contrast the activities of C.W.T.S. and R.O.T.C. The activities of C.W.T.S. and R.O.T.C. both promotes civic consciousness, civic responsibility and good citizenship for their activities involves going to different communities to help the unprivileged and economically poor people and activities related to livelihood and economic development. In the activities of C.W.T.S., the students are trained to be the leading experts in their chosen career while acknowledging their social obligation. The students are brought up to strive for the best in their field in the aim  that their skills and talents would contribute to the upliftment of the society‘s condition. The students’ empowerment will serve as a tool in the progress of their lives as well as those of others. While in R.O.T.C., some activities like the CTIS involves training in basic intelligence, map reading and land navigation, basic signal communication, unit formations, basic weapons training and pre-marksmanship training; in their Individual/Unit Training, it trains the cadets in visual tracking, military mountaineering and jungle base operations; in their Military Values Education the conduct of routine flag raising and retreat activities, weekly conferences, critique or after action review, orientation among the parents about the program; in their Military Livelihood Enhancement are activities related to livelihood. Generally, ROTC is designed to provide military training for preparation in national defense and CWTS is like a training ground for students in becoming a productive member of the society.

The Hypocrisy of Religion in Moby Dick Essay -- Moby Dick Essays

The Hypocrisy of Religion in Moby Dick Stubb decides to give Old Fleece a lecture on religion after waking him to complain about his overcooked whale steak. Not only does Stubb ask Fleece to "preach" to the sharks who are making a considerable din eating the dead whale chained to the ship, but he compares Fleece's inability to "correctly" cook a whale steak to Fleece's un-Christian ways. This passage is an excellent example of the theme of the hypocrisy of religion in Moby Dick. Before Stubb calls on Fleece, Ishmael compares the actions of the shark to the actions of man. He first compares Stubb to the sharks: "Nor was Stubb the only banqueter on whale's flesh that night. Mingling their mumblings with his own mastications, thousands on thousands of sharks, swarming round the dead leviathan, smackingly feasted on its fatness" (Melville ___). By comparing Stubb to a shark, Ishmael portrays him as beastly and uncivilized, two traits that contradict the Christianity he professes and ministers to Fleece. Two more references are made to solidify the comparison; Ishmael describes the "smacking" of Stubb's "epicurean lips," and Stubb himself says he prefers his whale steak the way the sharks prefer it. Next, Ishmael alludes to the bond between sharks and man in general. "The few sleepers below in their bunks were often startled by the sharp slapping of their tails against the hull, within a few inches of the sleepers' hearts" (___). This line poses contradiction; how can the tails of the sharks be within inches of the crew's hearts in the tails are slapping the hull of the ship, for the hull of a whaleboat would be much wider than a few inches. What Ishmael means when he says "within a few inches of the sleepers' hearts" is... ...es of Stubb, he is being ordered to perform a number of tasks, including bowing to Stubb. Religion is nothing more than a hierarchy, where those in power are able to use others in the name of religion. Fleece never shows any sign of relief or enjoyment at being a Christian now; in fact, he seems to have gone through the conversion just so Stubb would let him go to bed. As Fleece walks away from Stubb, he mutters to himself, "Wish, by gor! whale eat him, 'stead of him eat whale. I'm bressed if he ain't more of shark dan Massa Shark hisself" (___). This is the culmination of the scene, where Fleece spells out that sharks, savage beasts without religion, and Stubb, a cultured Christian, are quite similar. This makes Stubb a hypocrite, and his Christian belief system questionable. Works Cited Mellville, Herman. Moby Dick. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964.

Expansion On The Recent Discoveries Concerning Nitric Oxide :: essays research papers

Expansion on the Recent Discoveries Concerning Nitric Oxide as presented by Dr. Jack R. Lancaster   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nitric Oxide, or NO, its chemical representation, was until recently not considered to be of any benefit to the life processes of animals, much less human beings. However, studies have proven that this simple compound had an abundance of uses in the body, ranging from the nervous system to the reproductive system. Its many uses are still being explored, and it is hoped that it can play an active role in the cures for certain types of cancers and tumors that form in the brain and other parts of the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nitric Oxide is not to be confused with nitrous oxide, the latter of which is commonly known as laughing gas. Nitric oxide has one more electron than the anesthetic. NO is not soluble in water. It is a clear gas. When NO is exposed to air, it mixes with oxygen, yielding nitrogen IV dioxide, a brown gas which is soluble in water. These are just a few of the chemical properties of nitric oxide. With the total life expectancy of nitric oxide being from six to ten seconds, it is not surprising that it has not been until recently that it was discovered in the body. The compound is quickly converted into nitrates and nitrites by oxygen and water. Yet even its short-lived life, it has found many functions within the body. Nitric oxide enables white blood cells to kill tumor cells and bacteria, and it allows neurotransmitters to dilate blood vessels. It also serves as a messenger for neurons, like a neurotransmitter. The compound is also accountable for penile erections. Further experiments may lead to its use in memory research and for the treatment of certain neurodegenerative disorders. One of the most exciting discoveries of nitric oxide involves its function in the brain. It was first discovered that nitric oxide played a role in the nervous system in 1982. Small amounts of it prove useful in the opening of calcium ion channels (with glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter) sending a strong excitatory impulse. However, in larger amounts, its effects are quite harmful. The channels are forced to fire more rapidly, which can kill the cells. This is the cause of most strokes. To find where nitric oxide is found in the brain, scientists used a purification method from a tissue sample of the brain. One scientist discovered that the synthesis of nitric oxide required the presence of calcium, which often acts by binding to a ubiquitous cofactor called calmodulin. A small amount of calmodulin is added to the enzyme preparations,

Genie †The Wild Child Essay

Genie was discovered at the age of thirteen living completely isolated in a room in her parent’s house, with nothing to look at, restrained to a potty chair for most of her life. At this time, Genie was still wearing a diaper, did not have the ability to communicate and could barely walk. Her father’s reason for keeping Genie isolated was that he believed that she was retarded from birth. Her mother takes no responsibility, claiming she too was abused by her controlling husband. Both of her parents were charged with child abuse; but her father killed himself shortly after and her mother was able to beat the charges. Genie was taken to The Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles where she would meet several specialist assigned to her case. Shirley, an isolation specialist, stated that Genie was the most extreme case of isolation that he had encountered. Specialist started to run test to diagnose the extent of Genie’s deficiencies. Genie had a strange bunny walk, spat and clawed. It was believed that she was beat for making noise, so she remained silent. Was she born brain dead or did she become mentally challenged? First they conducted a test to monitor the electric activity in her brain. This four night study showed that Genie had a high number of sleep spindles, which shows abnormal brain wave patterns. By that spring, Genie had learned a hundred words and was beginning to speak verbally; which allowed her to express herself. Signs of her mental and physical growth were striving. She explored things using her lips and face. Doctors showed confidence in her success. Genie moved in with her Special Education teacher, Mrs. Butler. This was Genie’s first run in a foster home. Notes were taken on Genie’s obsession with hoarding objects, especially containers of liquid. This has also been recorded in other cases of isolated children. Mrs. Butler took it upon herself to cut off all contact with the other members of Genie’s case and filed a request to gain permanent custody, which was rejected by Social Services and Genie returned to Children’s Hospital for a short period of time. Genie was then placed with Mr. Riddler, who took on many of the roles in the case. Mrs. Riddler worked with Genie and taught her how to express her rage through fits, instead of physically hitting herself. She soon learned to verbally communicate her degree of unhappiness. Mrs. Riddle also helped Genie to verbalize memories from her past. Genie was able to use words and her vocabulary continued to grow. She started going to a nursery school and learned sign language. Case members still disagreed on Genie’s prognoses. Some believed that Genie was still brain dead from birth due to abnormal brain activity; while others believed that she had mental delays due to isolation, showing that her mental age was increasing. With all of Genie’s verbal achievements, she was not able to make grammatical sentences. In 1975 the research case on Genie ended and she returned to her mother’s care. Soon her mother realized that Genie was too much for her to handle and she was moved from foster family to foster family. Genie faced abuse and harassment during this time. In one situation, Genie was punished for vomiting, resulting in Genie refusing to open her mouth; ultimately, regressing Genie’s progress. Genie’s case strongly sides with the nurture debate. Emphasis is placed on Genie’s ability to overcome her early environment by allowing her to experience the world and to gain personal relationships. Genie’s ability to learn to verbalize after puberty shows that human development can occur and does not need to be learned during infancy. By Genie gaining personal relationships, she was able to learn how to express her emotions (happy, sad, angry). This proves that her environment is an important factor in her development. This study seems to be most consistent with Skinner’s Behavior Theory. Skinner believed that a person’s development was caused by the consequences of their behavior. An example would be when Genie was encouraged to speak and socialize, she did and enjoyed it. When Genie was punished for vomiting, she felt that opening her mouth was bad and stopped. Skinner also believed that the nurture side of the debate was important, development depends on experiences and people are shaped by their environment. All of which seem to be a theme in Genie’s case.

Individual Analysis

Individual Case Analysis Contents 1. 0Analysis Using Motivation Theories1 1. 1Equity Theory1 1. 2Expectancy Theory1 1. 3 Three-need Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 2. 0Criticisms of the Management Functions3 3. 0Main Problems Defined4 4. 0References5 5. 0Appendices6 5. 1Appendix 1: SWOT Analysis6 5. 2 Appendix 2: Equity Theory Table†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1. 0Analysis Using Motivation Theories 1. 1Equity Theory According to Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2003) equity theory was developed by J. Stacey Adam. Campebell, Dunnette and Miller (1969) states the purpose of this theory is aim at employees’ assimilation from a job situation. Kaplan, Reckers and Reynolds (1986) notes these are outcomes, in relation to the efforts they put in, inputs, and then compare with others. In the case, Lisa compares her input-outcome ratio with Leanne, which seems imbalance and unfair. Lisa feels jealous as Steve decided to go again her suggestion to hand over half of her workload to the youngest team member, Leanne. She also sees that Leanne became more dominant. Lisa was treated unfairly by two other members putting the blames at her who forced Steve to reprimand her. The distraught Lisa’s thinking was to give other members of the team who has more experience to take over some of her work rather than Leanne. In the end Lisa lodged a compensation claim for her nervous breakdown cased by Leanne. Also stated by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2003), employees’ motivation is influenced by rewards. Base on the above-mentioned, Steve should use the equity method in treatments of staff. Therefore, whenever an employee assess their own equity and perceive inequity, he or she will act to correct the situation rather than lack of motivation. Please refer to 5. 2 Appendix 2 for table showing equity theory. 2. Expectancy Theory According to Montana and Charnov (2000), expectancy theory shows that rewards could motivate employees to increase their efforts. Taylor (1964) notes this encourages better performance leading to a positive outcome. Steve applied the expectancy theory under his management. By doing this, he made an announcement that he will increase employees’ salary base on performance rating. Due to massive increase in training loads, Lisa was overworked and with projects behind schedule. Then Green (1992) states on of the believing is that employees believe if they perform well, they will get the reward. Leanne is an ambitious person that is why she offers help as she believes in good performance could get better outcome and reward. On the other hand, according to Montana and Charnov (2000), an employee can decide on which outcome they prefer. Due to immense pressure from overload and conflict with Leanne, Lisa has made a decision to take stress leave. This reduces the efforts Lisa requires to put into her work. 3. Three-need Theory McClelland (as quoted by anonymous, 2008) states an employee’s motivation and effectiveness are influenced by the following: Need for Achievement – McClelland (quoted by Pattanyak, 2006) notes motivation that influences employees to direct his or her behaviour towards attaining goals. According to the achievement explained, Lisa is not motivated to challenge of orking at a problem and do not accept any personal responsibilities for failure, rather leaving the actions and chance for Leanne to achieve the outcome. Need for Affiliation – Courtney (2002) notes McClelland had suggested that people are motivated by different things. Also, base on the statement stated by Tosi, Mero and Rizzo (2000), McClelland’s theory on affiliation has a need for friendly relationships an d have good interactions with others. These people can co-operate well in a team. Referring to the explanation of affiliation, Lisa’s jealousy and conflict with Leanne had caused friction and resignation in the team. It shows there is a lack of communication skills and co-operate for Lisa in the team. Lisa’s personal attitude problem towards Leanne also caused her relationship problems with colleague and manager. Need for Power – McClelland (quoted by Pattanyak, 2006) notes that people at a high position would want the power to control other people for their own goals. According to Ved (2005) there are: Social – controls the company’s movement, and Personal – influence others to further the desire. Leanne entered InsureCo. as a new team member under Lisa’s leadership in a team. Soon after, Leanne quickly made good relationship with the manager and quick to promote her skills, which lead her over stepped the power of Lisa. Therefore, Lisa felt she was unable to control Leanne to achieve her outcome. Lisa has also lost control of her team when couple of the team members resigned. With the lost control of power, Lisa lost the battle to be promoted. Therefore, she is not motivated. 2. 0Criticisms of the Management Functions The management of InsureCo. has several negative practices, they are: – The way Steve manages the company’s environment The way Steve supervise employees, and – How staff co-operate with each other as a team. According to Bell and Smith (2006), the use of communication and verbal skills for managers is vital in their management work. By listening to employees, companies could improve employees’ job satisfaction. According to Deci and Ryab (1985), the greatest motivation act is managers could do for his or her empl oyee is listening. In this case, Steve does not communicate effectively to his staff about his expectations and resolving problem issues within the working environment. He does not think of the concern that if he recognise the new employee, Leanne, Lisa would complain about the recognition. To prevent the complaining obstacle, Steve should listen to Lisa when she complained about Leanne in regards to her I. T. skills. Steve should act on the complaint and assess Leanne’s ability in the I. T. field. If it does prove that she has the skills, there would not be jealousy in Lisa. Schuler and Jackson (1999) mentioned that fair treatment of employee which will make them more committed in an organisation. It means, Steve should treat Lisa and Leanne equally. It is not where he should reprimand Lisa in front of her colleagues and in a way without her giving reasons. This is an embarrassment for Lisa. This also shows there is a lack of fair treatment within the management system of the company. According to Cook (1999), employees will produce more effort in their work when they are appreciated, valued and understood by the employer. Steve should set up a guide of basic principles to coach employees when there is a problem. Base on the value of Lisa to the company, Steve should not reprimand her straight away without any options for explanation and when he did reprimanded her he should explain his decision. Steve could improve the relationship between Lisa and Leanne by informing them how others feel, how much effect can cause, and suggest them how to improve themselves. Steve’s management at InsureCo. he is committed to the company’s goals, according to Salaman (2001), it sometimes refers to as mission statement. In the case, increase salary was any approach that Steve regarded as important. The aim is to fend off growing competition. The increase of salary could not always motivate his staff. The reasons are mentioned in the previous citations. 3. 0Main Problems Defined |Primary Problems |Secondary Problems | |Poor leadership – New leadership of the firm, lack of managerial |Poor motivational skills | |experience. |Staff lacks motivation | |Poor planning – No technical training system been put in. No specific job description written for employees | |No formal policies written for rewards and punishment |Increase in workloads | | |Lack of co-operation | | |Manager has poor communication skills | | |Ineffective communication of expectations | | |Employees’ value not appreciated | | |Overload work causes delays | | |Multitask been given to employees | | |Management has no understanding of employees’ needs | | |Poor relationship between staff and manager | | |Pressure in the training department | | |Lack of fair treatment for staff | 5 . Appendices 5. 1Appendix 1: SWOT Analysis [pic] 2. Appendix 2: Equity Theory Table by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2003) Perceived ratio comparisonEmployee’s assessment Outcomes AOutcomes B Inputs A Inputs B (Inequity-over rewarded) ———————– Threats ? Exposed weaknesses in the company ? Strong global competitors ? Complaints from staff ? Compensation claim from staff Opportunities ? Government proposed new Financial Services Reform Bill – Make sure entire staff had been trained Weaknesses ? Poor leadership ? Poor planning ? No formal policies for rewards & punishments are written ? Poor motivational skill ? Staff lacks motivation ? No specific job description written for employees ? Increase of workload ? Lack of co-operation ? Poor communication skills ? Staff’s value not appreciated ? Overload work causes delays ? Multitask given ? Management has no understanding of employees’ needs ? Poor decision making ? Pressure in the training department ? Lack of fair treatment for employees ? Strengths ? Large finance and insurance company ? Market presence ? Large customer base ? Long profitable history ? Promotions for employees ?

Luxury Fashion Brand Essay

To be successful in India, it is both necessary to gauge the financial potential as well as the mindset of the Indian luxury consumer. This will help in bringing forth the right product offerings to the Indian consumer as well as targeting them better. There are conventional foundations for ensuring success of a brand and they are listed below in brief: * The brand must be â€Å"expansive† – Which means it should be full of innovation opportunities for the marketer and in terms of satisfying the different needs of the luxury consumer. * The brand must tell a story – One of the best ways for an organization to compete and distinguish yourself from the rest of the pack is to tell your brand story. The story should be so powerful that it should make customer act as the way you want. * The brand must be relevant to the consumers’ needs – Depending upon the mindset of the luxury class, it is necessary for a brand to satisfy those needs, whether they be for recognition or functional use etc. * The brand must align with consumers’ values – A brand that does not concur with the basic values of a consumer’s society has a small chance of succeeding because luxury items are identification for a luxury consumer. This makes it difficult for the consumer to adopt the brand in such cases. * The brand must perform – Irrespective of which category the brand belongs to, a performance assurance is a must for the brand. Based on the inputs given above as well as an understanding of the decision making process of the luxury consumer, we recommend the following paths for luxury marketers based on what Indian consumers really desire from their luxury brands, i. e. product brand, dealer/store brand and price/value relationship : (The price / value relationship has been accorded less focus since the Indian Consumer is at a phase when cost of luxury is secondary to its appeal / benefits) 1. Brand Me Affluent! – It is essential for marketers to ensure that the recognition value of their brands is always high so that it lends a sense of affluence to the consumer, which can only come if others around him / her perceive the brand to be a top-notch luxury brand. This can come from either being aligned with the most successful celebrities or being a part of elite events and promotions. 2. Nothing but the Best – This is a golden opportunity for the marketer to earn greater margins by adding customized value to his line of luxury goods. These added-value customized goods will ensure that the customer feels he has something more than just the ordinary range of luxury goods available. 3. Luxury is having the world at my fingertips – First! – A luxury marketer will not only have to be faster than his competitors in reaching out to the consumer, to gain a share of wallet but also continuously offer innovative products that serve to differentiate between the consumers. 4. â€Å"Ethnic Chic† – The Fusion of Local & Global goods – This point is connected to the strategy of a product being in line with the consumers’ values for it to be adopted. Apart from this, in the Indian context, ethnicity is also a fashion statement in many product categories. 5. You Think I’m Demanding? Next! – The marketer’s job should be a constant endeavor to offer newer luxury goods to the consumer, in sync with their needs. In addition to that, marketers will need to make sure that each and every single consumer has to be treated with a high-level of personalized attention, given the nature of the product and the consumer. Even minor Shortfalls in this case will have the consumer shifting their brand preferences to those marketers who can satisfy their needs better. 6. CANNIBALIZATION OF BRANDS – It thus becomes essential to ensure that successful celebrities are partnered with at the right time, thereby both eliminating chances of Competition as well as delivering the right aspirational / appeal message to the intended audience. Conclusion The starting point for identifying successful luxury brand strategies in India has been established by identifying certain salient aspects of luxury brands that remain constant as well as identifying the stage of mindset of the Indian consumer towards these brands. The focus is now towards ‘how soon’ luxury brands will enter the market to gain a first mover advantage, which is of significant importance in India. Apart from how soon, we primarily focus on ‘how will’ luxury brands cater to the mainly aspirational needs of the Indian consumer. A word of caution that goes for luxury marketers, irrespective of their brands and Geographical presence – The luxury consumer is always looking for newer ways to Satisfy his continuously changing needs. Hence, the need to keep a close tab through insightful research is of prime importance. As far as India is concerned, given the rapidly accelerating affluence of the Masses, the scenario is set to witness a boom. The ones who will be riding the Wave will be the ones who’ve kept their ears open to each and every word of their Each and every customer. After all, in the luxury business, no marketer can afford the luxury of treating its consumers as a loosely bunched segment.

TermPaper2types of promotional strategies Term Paper

TermPaper2types of promotional strategies - Term Paper Example There are four types of promotional strategies, which are: online promotion, traditional media, push marketing and pull marketing. Online Promotion is also called online marketing or Emarketing. It represents advertising the products through the internet. Online promotion gained great popularity as almost every company tries to create its own website to attract customers online. Now almost all the people use internet to buy different products as online they can have more opportunities. The main disadvantage of online promotion is changes which happen rapidly. In order to have successful online promotion, every company needs to have efficient online promotion strategy. The most important characteristic feature for modern managers is insight. It is essential to have good education and be aware of the situation (Kotler). Online promotion is the field that changes rapidly, thus it is very important to be always on time with the advertising and have the appropriate approach. (Orton, 2009). The most popular and beneficial form of online promotion is pay-per-click advertising, when the advertiser pays for the promotion only after the ad is clicked. This kind of advertising is very demanding as it does not accept all the businesses. Some companies can’t advertise their products with the most popular advertising engines as they have many restrictions and special rules for companies. Those companies, which use pay-per-click approach, have many benefits. They have a perfect opportunity to attract customers without paying much for the advertising. Thus, online promotion represents the cheapest way to advertise products and services Any advertising campaign uses many traditional media channels such as television, radio, newspapers, etc. An advertising campaign can be defined as a number of different kinds of advertising, which have the common purpose and content. Ad campaign is the essential part of management strategy. Management strategy implies